Profile of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 3.75% aqueous gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris.

Acne vulgaris is a common and chronic skin disease, and is a frequent source of morbidity for affected patients. Treatment of acne vulgaris is often difficult due to the multifactorial nature of this disease. Combination therapy, such as that containing clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide, has become the standard of care. Several fixed formulations of clindamycin 1% and benzoyl peroxide of varying concentrations are available and have been used with considerable success. The major limitation is irritation and dryness from higher concentrations of benzoyl peroxide, and a combination providing optimal efficacy and tolerability has yet to be determined. Recently, a clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide 3.75% fixed combination formulation was developed. Studies have suggested that this formulation may be a safe and effective treatment regimen for patients with acne vulgaris. Here, we provide a brief review of acne pathogenesis, benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin, and profile a new Clindamycin-BP 3.75% fixed combination gel for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris

Measuring Norms of Income Transfers: Trust Experiments and Survey Data from Vietnam

This paper compares the patterns of income transfers within village communities in the north and south of Vietnam by analyzing household survey and experimental data. The results of household data analysis show private transfers flow from high-income households to low-income households in the south where social safety net is limited. In contrast, private transfers do not correlate with pre-transfer income in the north where public transfers are more widespread. In addition, public transfers crowd out private transfers in the north. We conducted a trust game in both regions and found consistent results. People in the south are more altruistic toward the poor: they send more to the poor without expecting higher repayment. This pattern is consistent with the idea that private norms of redistribution from rich to poor are active in the south, but are crowded out in the north, possibly by communist public institutions, although we observe higher levels of trust and reciprocity in the north

Strong disorder renormalization group on fractal lattices: Heisenberg models and magnetoresistive effects in tight binding models

We use a numerical implementation of the strong disorder renormalization group (RG) method to study the low-energy fixed points of random Heisenberg and tight-binding models on different types of fractal lattices. For the Heisenberg model new types of infinite disorder and strong disorder fixed points are found. For the tight-binding model we add an orbital magnetic field and use both diagonal and off-diagonal disorder. For this model besides the gap spectra we study also the fraction of frozen sites, the correlation function, the persistent current and the two-terminal current. The lattices with an even number of sites around each elementary plaquette show a dominant $\phi_0=h/e$ periodicity. The lattices with an odd number of sites around each elementary plaquette show a dominant $\phi_0/2$ periodicity at vanishing diagonal disorder, with a positive weak localization-like magnetoconductance at infinite disorder fixed points. The magnetoconductance with both diagonal and off-diagonal disorder depends on the symmetry of the distribution of on-site energies.Comment: 19 pages, 20 figure

Magnetic field dependence of the many-electron states in a magnetic quantum dot: The ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition

The electron-electron correlations in a many-electron (Ne = 1, 2,..., 5) quantum dot confined by a parabolic potential is investigated in the presence of a single magnetic ion and a perpendicular magnetic field. We obtained the energy spectrum and calculated the addition energy which exhibits cusps as function of the magnetic field. The vortex properties of the many-particle wave function of the ground state are studied and for large magnetic fields are related to composite fermions. The position of the impurity influences strongly the spin pair correlation function when the external field is large. In small applied magnetic field, the spin exchange energy together with the Zeeman terms leads to a ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic(FM-AFM) transition. When the magnetic ion is shifted away from the center of the quantum dot a remarkable re-entrant AFM-FM-AFM transition is found as function of the strength of the Coulomb interaction. Thermodynamic quantities as the heat capacity, the magnetization, and the susceptibility are also studied. Cusps in the energy levels show up as peaks in the heat capacity and the susceptibility.Comment: 16 pages, 24 figure

Risk and Time Preferences: Linking Experimental and Household Survey Data from Vietnam

We conducted experiments in Vietnamese villages to determine the predictors of risk and time preferences. In villages with higher mean income, people are less loss-averse and more patient. Household income is correlated with patience but not with risk. We expand measurements of risk and time preferences beyond expected utility and exponential discounting, replacing those models with prospect theory and a three-parameter hyperbolic discounting model. Comparable risk parameter estimates have been found for Chinese farmers, using our method

Cyclotron resonance of a magnetic quantum dot

The energy spectrum of a one-electron quantum dot doped with a single magnetic ion is studied in the presence of an external magnetic field. The allowed cyclotron resonance (CR) transitions are obtained together with their oscillator strength (OS) as function of the magnetic field, the position of the magnetic ion, and the quantum dot confinement strength. With increasing magnetic field a ferromagnetic - antiferromagnetic transition is found that results in clear signatures in the CR absorption. It leads to discontinuities in the transition energies and the oscillator strengths and an increase of the number of allowed transitions.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figure

Poverty, politics, and preferences: Field experiments and survey data from Vietnam

We conducted field experiments to investigate how wealth, political history, occupation, and other demographic variables (from a comprehensive earlier household survey) are correlated with risk, time discounting and trust in Vietnam. Our experiments suggest risk and time preferences depend on the stage of economic development. In wealthier villages, people are less loss-averse and more patient. Our research also shows people who participate in ROSCAs (rotating credit associations) are more patient than non-participant, but those who participate in bidding ROSCAs are less patient and more risk averse than those who participate in fixed ROSCAs. Results from a trust game demonstrate both positive and negative effects of communism. Villagers in the South tend to invest more in low-income partners without expecting repayment. On the other hand, people in the north are more trustworthy but do not pass on more money to the poor. Our findings also suggest market activities, like starting a small trade business, are correlated with trust and trustworthiness. We also contribute to experimental methodology by using choices that separate different aspects of risk aversion and time preferences in behavioral economics specifications

Many-body effects in the cyclotron resonance of a magnetic dot

Intraband cyclotron resonance (CR) transitions of a two-electron quantum dot containing a single magnetic ion is investigated for different Coulomb interaction strengths and different positions of the magnetic ion. In contrast to the usual parabolic quantum dots where CR is independent of the number of electrons, we found here that due to the presence of the magnetic ion Kohn's theorem no longer holds and CR is different for systems with different number of electrons and different effective electron-electron Coulomb interaction strength. Many-body effects result in \emph{shifts in the transition energies} and \emph{change the number of CR lines}. The position of the magnetic ion inside the quantum dot affects the structure of the CR spectrum by changing the position and the number of crossings and anti-crossings in the transition energies and oscillator strengths.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures. Phys. Rev. B (in press